endobj :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? PDF Cognitivd Complianc Es Consequence of Force E e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. endstream Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that 0 $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Don't see what you need? How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? 3. ] Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. << correct. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: New York Times, p.C1. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. 51 0 obj Sandy was using_______ processing. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. /L 680077 ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. The S worked at this task for another half hour. & JANIS, I.L. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. 0000010779 00000 n Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. >> The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. /Type/Page Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 2. ---------------------References: During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Psy 301: Social Psychology & KING, B.T. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. >> Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. %%EOF startxref Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger & Carlsmith's Study - Explorable Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." To achieve consonance, something has to give. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. 0000000974 00000 n PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. DISCUSSION. 0000000868 00000 n When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. 0000000658 00000 n We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. endobj One Dollar condition. Twenty Dollar condition. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. 50 0 obj In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Leon Festinger and his colleague James He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. endobj Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. /Text A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. /Resources 50 0 R The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Social Researcher. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. About the Experiment - Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. 112 The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. 0000001089 00000 n What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Oct. 2011. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Cognitive Dissonance. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. 109 0 obj <>stream The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). What is the Sacrifice Trap? The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? >> The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. This has many practical implications. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. endobj Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). York University, Toronto, Ontario. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. This is an example of which rule of attraction? %PDF-1.7 % } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. 0000013918 00000 n The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? /Root 48 0 R Dr. Nekita Fuller About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. %%EOF hbbd``b` H? The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. <>stream His data, however did not support this idea. 1959. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. To which he readily agrees. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. 3. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less %PDF-1.5 We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. by meredith_davis9, PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of The results were surprising to Festinger. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. % Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). You have created 2 folders. He must be a genius." C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced Introducing Cram Folders! endobj For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation?
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